Nadal Getting Lucky with Grand Slam Draws?
In tennis, the placing of seeded players in the draw includes some randomness. That is, half the time the #1 seed will draw the #3 seed in the semi-finals, and the other half of the time will draw the #4 seed. This is different from basketball and other tournaments, where the semis will always consist of #1 vs #4 and #2 vs #3 (barring upsets). This means that Federer and Djokovic would expect to be in the same half of the draw (i.e., scheduled to meet in the semis) in 10 of these 20 Grand Slams. In actuality, Federer and Djokovic have been placed in the same half of the draw 15 times (actually playing 7 times in the semis, with Djokovic leading 4-3). This means that Nadal has been scheduled to play the #4 seed in 15 of the last 20 Grand Slams, giving him the easier path to the final. In fact, 5 of the 7 majors won by Nadal in this time span were won when Federer and Djokovic were both on the other side of the draw (only defeating both players in the 2008 French Open). Does this supply evidence that the draw is rigged in favor of Nadal, thus increasing his chances of winning?This problem can be rephrased in terms of flipping a coin. If we flip a coin 20 times, how likely is it that we see 15 heads (i.e., Fed and Djokovic are on the same half of the draw)? Coin flips are independent, so we can easily calculate the probability of 15 heads to be 0.0148, or about a 1.5% chance. This is very unlikely, but not completely unexpected.
To better illustrate the point, I ran 10,000 simulations where I flip a coin 20 times and record the number of heads, shown in the following graph. These simulations show that we expect to see at least 15 heads about 2% of the time (proportion to the right of the red line), which is similar to the theoretical value of 1.5%.
Nice to See You Again...
Another interesting pattern is that Federer and Djokovic were placed in the same half of the draw for 7 straight Grand Slams (2008 Wimbledon - 2010 Australian Open). How likely is this occurrence? That is, how likely is it to see 7 heads in a row when flipping a coin 20 times? The theoretical calculation is more complicated, so I again ran 10,000 simulations of 20 flips and recorded the maximum number of heads to appear in a row.
There was another stretch of 6 grand slams where Fed and Djokovic were again on the same side of the draw (2012 Wimbledon - 2011 US Open; combined with the previous run of 7, Federer and Djokovic were on the same half of the draw 13 out of 14 grand slams!). What's the probability that the second longest run when flipping a coin 20 times is at least 6? It's about a 1% chance, which is much less common than seeing a run of 7.
Will it Ever End?
While a run of 7 grand slams in a row is not very uncommon, having a second run of 6 or being placed on the same side of the draw 15 out of 20 tournaments is not very likely. I do not actually believe that the draw is rigged, but the frequency of Fed and Djokovic meeting is only expected to occur about 1% of the time.The Law of Large Numbers tells us that, eventually, we expect Djokovic and Federer to be on opposite sides of the draw 50% of the time. However, as neither player will be playing infinitely many more grand slams, this does not impact the probability at the next Grand Slam. That is, assuming the rankings stay the same, there is still a 50% chance that Federer and Djokovic will be placed on the same half of the draw at Wimbledon, the next Grand Slam tournament.
